矿井UWB定位系统中圆极化天线的优化设计和应用

鞠晨

鞠晨. 矿井UWB定位系统中圆极化天线的优化设计和应用[J]. 工矿自动化,2023,49(1):171-176. DOI: 10.13272/j.issn.1671-251x.18071
引用本文: 鞠晨. 矿井UWB定位系统中圆极化天线的优化设计和应用[J]. 工矿自动化,2023,49(1):171-176. DOI: 10.13272/j.issn.1671-251x.18071
JU Chen. Optimization design and application of circularly polarized antenna in mine UWB positioning system[J]. Journal of Mine Automation,2023,49(1):171-176. DOI: 10.13272/j.issn.1671-251x.18071
Citation: JU Chen. Optimization design and application of circularly polarized antenna in mine UWB positioning system[J]. Journal of Mine Automation,2023,49(1):171-176. DOI: 10.13272/j.issn.1671-251x.18071

矿井UWB定位系统中圆极化天线的优化设计和应用

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0804303);国家能源集团科技创新项目(GJNY2030XDXM-19-06.1)。
详细信息
    作者简介:

    鞠晨(1988—),男,辽宁北票人,工程师,从事矿井精确定位方面的工作,E-mail:10036293@chnenergy.com.cn

  • 中图分类号: TD655.3

Optimization design and application of circularly polarized antenna in mine UWB positioning system

  • 摘要: 天线是矿井UWB定位系统的重要组成部分,为了抑制矿井UWB定位系统接收到多径反射信号,提高矿井UWB定位系统的定位精度,对传统圆极化天线结构进行优化,设计了一种新型右旋圆极化微带天线。先将矩形开槽改为十字开槽,改变电流轨迹,使两正交线性极化电场的相差更接近90°,从而降低轴比,使天线的圆极化纯度更高;再将十字开槽平滑扩展为菱形开槽,达到提高交叉极化电平、抑制正交旋向的效果,使天线实现更高的右旋圆极化纯度。采用HFSS软件对该新型右旋圆极化微带天线进行仿真,仿真结果表明,主辐射方向交叉极化电平>10.4 dBi,可以达到很好的右旋圆极化效果。新型右旋圆极化微带天线样品的工作频带和回波实测结果同仿真结果基本吻合,说明该新型天线结构易于加工且正常容差内的工艺偏差对天线性能的影响程度相对较小。将制作的新型右旋圆极化微带天线样品用于基于到达相位差的UWB定位系统,并在隧道环境下进行现场测试,测试结果表明,信号到达相位差稳定性有明显改善,对多径效应有明显的抑制效果,可以有效提高UWB定位系统的定位精度。该新型右旋圆极化微带天线具有体积小、质量轻、易于制作等优点。
    Abstract: The antenna is an important part of the mine UWB positioning system. In order to suppress the multipath reflection signal received by the mine UWB positioning system and improve the positioning precision of the mine UWB positioning system, the traditional circularly polarized antenna structure is optimized. This study designs a new type of right-handed circularly polarized microstrip antenna. Firstly, the rectangular slot is changed to the cross slot. The current trajectory is changed to make the difference between the two orthogonal linearly polarized electric fields closer to 90°. The axial ratio is reduced to make the circularly polarized purity of the antenna higher. Secondly, the cross slot is smoothly expanded into a diamond slot to improve the cross-polarization level and suppress the orthogonal rotation. Therefore, the antenna can achieve higher right-handed circularly polarized purity. The HFSS software is used to simulate the new right-handed circularly polarized microstrip antenna. The simulation results show that the cross-polarization level in the main radiation direction is more than 10.4 dBi, which can achieve good right-handed circularly polarized effect. The measured results of the operating frequency band and echo of the new right-handed circularly polarized microstrip antenna sample are basically consistent with the simulation results. The results indicate that the new antenna structure is easy to be processed and the influence of the process deviation within the normal tolerance on the antenna performance is relatively small. The new right-handed circularly polarized microstrip antenna sample is used for the field test of the UWB positioning system based on the arrival phase difference in the tunnel environment. The test results show that the stability of the arrival phase difference of the signal is significantly improved. The multipath effect is significantly suppressed, which can effectively improve the positioning precision of the UWB positioning system. The new right-handed circularly polarized microstrip antenna has the advantages of small size, light weight and easy fabrication.
  • 超宽带(Ultra Wide Band,UWB)技术具有窄脉冲、高带宽、隐蔽性好、功耗低、传输速率高、多径分辨力强、穿透能力强等优点。因此,UWB技术在雷达系统、通信、军事应用等领域受到越来越多的关注。特别是自2002年美国联邦通信委员会(Federal Communications Commission,FCC)将3.1~10.6 GHz频段向民用通信领域开放以来,UWB技术越来越多地应用于矿井、隧道和室内等封闭空间定位通信等,日益展现出其优越性能[1-6]

    虽然矿井UWB定位系统因为脉冲信号占空比低而降低了码间干扰,在一定程度上提高了多径分辨能力,但井下恶劣环境使得多径效应成为了影响矿井UWB定位系统定位精度的重要因素之一。因此,矿井内狭窄封闭空间环境造成的多径效应,是矿井UWB定位系统必须解决的关键技术难题。要有效抑制多径效应,就需要对矿井UWB定位系统进行不断优化和改进,而天线是矿井UWB定位系统的重要组成部分[7],因此需要对矿井UWB定位系统的天线部分进行优化和改进。

    矿井UWB定位系统一般使用线极化天线作为收发天线,对于物理上接收到的多径反射信号隔离能力较差。圆极化波经过地面、巷道壁等多径反射后会发生旋向逆转,具有旋向正交性的圆极化天线能隔离这些旋向相反的多径反射信号。因此,在矿井UWB定位系统中使用圆极化天线可有效抑制多径效应[8]。为了抑制矿井UWB定位系统接收到多径反射信号,提高矿井UWB定位系统的定位精度,有必要研发适用于矿井UWB定位系统的圆极化天线。

    一般采用轴比和交叉极化电平分别表征圆极化天线的圆极化纯度和旋向纯度。轴比越小,则越接近标准圆极化;交叉极化电平是2个旋向增益方向图之间的差值,交叉极化电平越高,则旋向越纯净。因此,轴比越小、交叉极化电平越高,则圆极化天线对旋向相反的多径反射信号的抑制能力越强。能产生圆极化波的经典微带天线有圆形、矩形、椭圆形、开槽、扰动、切角等天线,如图1所示[9-13]

    图  1  常用的圆极化微带天线构造方式
    Figure  1.  Construction mode of commonly used circularly polarized microstrip antenna

    圆极化天线分为左旋圆极化天线和右旋圆极化天线,这2种天线对抑制矿井UWB定位系统接收多径反射信号的效果相同,本文以右旋圆极化天线为例进行分析。若采用传统的基于正面微带线馈电方式的圆形开槽贴片天线设计方法(图1(c))设计右旋圆极化微带天线,则微带线的电流辐射会对天线有较大影响,因此对馈电方式进行改进,由正面微带线直接馈电改为背部馈电。传统右旋圆极化天线结构如图2所示,天线采用3层贴片结构,50 Ω微带线位于天线背面,通过VIA孔将信号馈入天线正面圆形贴片的特定位置,微带馈线和贴片天线之间用接地平面进行隔离。通过这种方式可将馈电网络对天线辐射的影响降低到最小。

    图  2  传统右旋圆极化天线结构
    Figure  2.  Structure of conventional right-handed circularly polarized antenna

    通过HFSS软件进行仿真验证[14],可得传统右旋圆极化天线在4 GHz中心频率上E面(电面)、H面(磁面)的轴比曲线和交叉极化增益方向,分别如图3图4所示。可看出传统右旋圆极化天线虽然达到了右旋圆极化的效果,但在主辐射方向附近的轴比数值均较高,因而圆极化纯度较差;传统右旋圆极化天线在主辐射方向上的交叉极化电平仅为4.8 dBi左右,旋向纯度不高。因此,传统右旋圆极化天线在抑制多径效应上并没有很突出的优势,难以满足矿井UWB定位系统较高的抗多径效应需求。

    图  3  传统右旋圆极化天线E面、H面轴比曲线
    Figure  3.  Axial ratio curves of E-plane and H-plane of conventional right-handed circularly polarized antenna
    图  4  传统右旋圆极化天线E面、H面交叉极化增益方向
    Figure  4.  Cross-polarization gain direction of E-plane and H-plane of conventional right-handed circularly polarized antenna

    针对传统右旋圆极化天线轴比高、交叉极化电平低、旋向纯度不高等问题,本文设计了新型右旋圆极化微带天线。从传统右旋圆极化天线出发,先将矩形开槽改为十字开槽,改变电流轨迹,使两正交线性极化电场的相差更接近90°,从而降低轴比,使天线的圆极化纯度更高。之后,将十字开槽平滑扩展为菱形开槽,达到提高交叉极化电平、抑制正交旋向的效果,使天线实现更高的右旋圆极化纯度。天线演化过程如图5所示。

    图  5  天线演化过程
    Figure  5.  Antenna evolution process

    新型右旋圆极化微带天线结构如图6所示。天线制作在长为L、宽为W的3层聚四氟乙烯环氧树脂基板上,基板相对介电常数为 $ {\varepsilon _{\rm{r}}} $ ,上层基板厚度为h1,下层基板厚度为h2,顶层铜厚t1,中间层铜厚t2,底层铜厚t3,50 Ω微带线线宽为 $ \omega $ 。正面圆形贴片半径为R,馈电点位置位于圆形贴片竖直中线上距离圆心a处。菱形开槽长对角线长度为La,短对角线长度为Lb。经优化后的新型右旋圆极化微带天线参数见表1

    图  6  新型右旋圆极化微带天线结构
    Figure  6.  Structure of novel right-handed circularly polarized microstrip antenna
    表  1  新型右旋圆极化微带天线参数
    Table  1.  Parameters of novel right-handed circularly polarized microstrip antenna
    W/
    mm
    L/
    mm
    R/
    mm
    a/
    mm
    La/
    mm
    Lb/
    mm
    $ {\varepsilon _{\rm{r}}} $ h1/
    mm
    h2/
    mm
    t1/
    μm
    t2/
    μm
    t3/
    μm
    $ \omega $/
    mm
    32.7 40.6 9.3 3.4 11.2 6.44 4.2 1.58 0.4 26 16 26 0.7
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    在HFSS软件中对新型右旋圆极化微带天线进行仿真模拟,得到4 GHz中心频率下的E面、H面轴比曲线,并与传统右旋圆极化天线进行对比,如图7所示。可看出新型右旋圆极化微带天线在主辐射方向附近的轴比有明显改善,其圆极化纯度得到明显提高。

    图  7  新型右旋圆极化微带天线和传统右旋圆极化天线E面、H面轴比曲线
    Figure  7.  Axial ratio curves of E-plane and H-plane of novel right-handed circularly polarized microstrip antenna and conventional right-handed circularly polarized antenna

    新型右旋圆极化微带天线仿真模拟得到的E面、H面交叉极化增益方向如图8所示。可看出在主辐射方向上,新型右旋圆极化微带天线的交叉极化电平增加到了10.4 dBi以上,和传统右旋圆极化天线4.8 dBi的交叉极化电平相比有显著改善,大幅提高了右旋圆极化旋向纯度。

    图  8  新型右旋圆极化微带天线E面、H面交叉极化增益方向
    Figure  8.  Cross-polarization gain direction of E-plane and H-plane of novel right-handed circularly polarized microstrip antenna

    向新型右旋圆极化微带天线正面(即逆着主辐射方向)看去,在1个信号变化周期中辐射电场极化旋转方向的变化如图9所示,可以很直观地看到电场右旋圆极化的动态效果。

    图  9  新型右旋圆极化微带天线辐射电场的极化旋转效果
    Figure  9.  Polarization rotation effect of radiated electric field of novel right-handed circularly polarized microstrip antenna

    根据表1参数进行实际加工,制成的新型右旋圆极化微带天线样品实物如图10所示。在加工过程中,加工误差、介质基板相对介电常数等都会影响实际样品的性能[15]。用矢量网络分析仪对天线的端口回波性能进行测试,将得到的实测曲线和HFSS软件得到的仿真曲线进行对比,如图11所示。可看出实测的工作频带和回波同仿真结果略有偏差,但整体基本相当,说明该新型天线结构易于加工且正常容差内的工艺偏差对天线性能的影响程度相对较小。

    图  10  新型右旋圆极化微带天线实物
    Figure  10.  Material object of novel right-handed circularly polarized microstrip antenna
    图  11  仿真和实测回波曲线对比
    Figure  11.  Comparison between simulated and measured echo curves

    在基于到达相位差[16]的UWB定位系统中,分别使用传统线极化天线和本文设计的新型右旋圆极化微带天线,在隧道环境下进行实地测试,现场测试环境如图12所示。

    图  12  隧道实地测试环境
    Figure  12.  Tunnel field test environment

    通过测试过程中记录的数据,可直观看到不同类型天线对于到达相位差稳定性的影响,如图13所示。可看出使用传统线极化天线时,到达相位差正负跳变频繁,很不稳定;而使用本文设计的新型右旋圆极化微带天线后,到达相位差正负跳变明显减少,到达相位差的稳定性有明显提高。这充分表明新型圆极化微带天线对隧道环境中的多径效应起到了显著的抑制作用,有效提高了接收信号的稳定性。

    图  13  使用传统线极化天线和新型右旋圆极化微带天线时到达相位差对比曲线
    Figure  13.  Comparison curves of phase difference of arrival when using conventional linearly polarized antenna and novel right-handed circularly polarized microstrip antenna

    通过对传统圆极化天线的结构改进,设计了一种新型右旋圆极化微带天线,通过优化开槽和馈电方式实现了轴比的大幅度降低和交叉极化电平的显著提高。该新型右旋圆极化微带天线具有体积小、质量轻、易于制作等优点。经过HFSS软件仿真模拟,主辐射方向交叉极化电平>10.4 dBi,可以达到很好的右旋圆极化效果。新型右旋圆极化微带天线样品的工作频带和回波实测结果同仿真结果基本吻合,受工艺偏差影响小。将制作的新型右旋圆极化微带天线样品用于基于到达相位差的UWB定位系统,并在隧道环境下进行现场测试,实测得到的到达相位差稳定性有明显改善,对多径效应的抑制效果显著,可以有效提高UWB定位系统的定位精度。

  • 图  1   常用的圆极化微带天线构造方式

    Figure  1.   Construction mode of commonly used circularly polarized microstrip antenna

    图  2   传统右旋圆极化天线结构

    Figure  2.   Structure of conventional right-handed circularly polarized antenna

    图  3   传统右旋圆极化天线E面、H面轴比曲线

    Figure  3.   Axial ratio curves of E-plane and H-plane of conventional right-handed circularly polarized antenna

    图  4   传统右旋圆极化天线E面、H面交叉极化增益方向

    Figure  4.   Cross-polarization gain direction of E-plane and H-plane of conventional right-handed circularly polarized antenna

    图  5   天线演化过程

    Figure  5.   Antenna evolution process

    图  6   新型右旋圆极化微带天线结构

    Figure  6.   Structure of novel right-handed circularly polarized microstrip antenna

    图  7   新型右旋圆极化微带天线和传统右旋圆极化天线E面、H面轴比曲线

    Figure  7.   Axial ratio curves of E-plane and H-plane of novel right-handed circularly polarized microstrip antenna and conventional right-handed circularly polarized antenna

    图  8   新型右旋圆极化微带天线E面、H面交叉极化增益方向

    Figure  8.   Cross-polarization gain direction of E-plane and H-plane of novel right-handed circularly polarized microstrip antenna

    图  9   新型右旋圆极化微带天线辐射电场的极化旋转效果

    Figure  9.   Polarization rotation effect of radiated electric field of novel right-handed circularly polarized microstrip antenna

    图  10   新型右旋圆极化微带天线实物

    Figure  10.   Material object of novel right-handed circularly polarized microstrip antenna

    图  11   仿真和实测回波曲线对比

    Figure  11.   Comparison between simulated and measured echo curves

    图  12   隧道实地测试环境

    Figure  12.   Tunnel field test environment

    图  13   使用传统线极化天线和新型右旋圆极化微带天线时到达相位差对比曲线

    Figure  13.   Comparison curves of phase difference of arrival when using conventional linearly polarized antenna and novel right-handed circularly polarized microstrip antenna

    表  1   新型右旋圆极化微带天线参数

    Table  1   Parameters of novel right-handed circularly polarized microstrip antenna

    W/
    mm
    L/
    mm
    R/
    mm
    a/
    mm
    La/
    mm
    Lb/
    mm
    $ {\varepsilon _{\rm{r}}} $ h1/
    mm
    h2/
    mm
    t1/
    μm
    t2/
    μm
    t3/
    μm
    $ \omega $/
    mm
    32.7 40.6 9.3 3.4 11.2 6.44 4.2 1.58 0.4 26 16 26 0.7
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2022-12-20
  • 修回日期:  2023-01-10
  • 网络出版日期:  2023-01-16
  • 刊出日期:  2023-02-01

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