Abstract: The problem of low detection accuracy of driving displacement exists in the driving process of anchor digging robots. In order to solve the above problem, taking the supporting bolt as the positioning benchmark, by analyzing the distance relationship between the anchor digging robot and the supporting bolt, the positioning model of "anchor digging robot-supported anchor" is established. This paper proposes a binocular vision-based displacement detection method for anchor digging robots. Due to the complexity of the underground coal mine environment, the disparity map obtained by using the traditional Census transform algorithm has limitations. By analyzing the binocular vision ranging principle, an improved Census transform algorithm is proposed to obtain the disparity map of the anchor and the depth information of the anchor image. This paper presents a method of anchor feature recognition and positioning, and uses edge detection algorithm to extract the anchor contour in disparity map. The minimum circumscribed rectangle and the maximum circumscribed rectangle algorithm are used to frame the anchor outline and extract the pixel coordinates of anchor feature points. By analyzing coordinate conversion relationships, the pixel coordinates of feature points are converted to world coordinates. By using the least square method, the spatial coordinates of feature points are fitted into a straight line. The plane parallel to the roadway section is established through the straight line. The distance between the binocular camera and the plane is calculated, and then the distance between the anchor digging robot and the plane is obtained. A mobile robot platform is set up to carry out the displacement detection experiment of the anchor digging robot. The results show the following points. The improved Census transform algorithm reduces the mismatch rate from 19.85% to 11.52%, which is 41.96% lower than the traditional Census transform algorithm. The method of anchor feature point recognition and positioning can effectively extract the spatial coordinates of anchor feature points. The distance between the camera and the three parallel sections is 3 010.428, 2 215.910, 1 415.127 mm respectively through straight line fitting. In the robot positioning experiment, the real calculated displacement is compared with the theoretical displacement. The results show that the real calculated displacement curve coincides with the theoretical displacement curve basically. The error between the theoretical displacement and the calculated displacement is less than 20 mm. The autonomous, accurate and real-time displacement detection of the anchor digging robot can be realized.