Status and prospect of the application of mine DC electrical method technology
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摘要: 矿井直流电法作为一种高效的地球物理勘探手段，在精准圈定各类异常区方面发挥了重要作用。井下探测空间小、干扰多、技术要求高，其发展受到诸多因素限制，因此，建立快速采掘模式下与智能化矿井生产相匹配的矿井直流电法技术体系意义重大。从基本原理、技术发展及分类3个方面对矿井直流电法进行了概述，总结了矿井直流电法用于顶底板探查、巷道超前探测、工作面内异常区探查等方面的最新进展；对矿井直流电法仪器与设备研发进展进行了分析，列举了常见的几类矿井直流电法仪器；分析了矿井直流电法在解决工程问题中存在的关键问题：① 目前矿井直流电法超前探测技术在含/导水异常体圈定空间的定位精度低，同时存在有效探测距离不足的问题。② 矿井直流电法施工空间狭小，在有限的测试空间内，多方位地质异常体电性响应叠加，增加了数据处理和解释难度。③ 矿井直流电法在井下应用时易受场地金属源干扰，特别是受掘进机、液压支架、锚锁（网）支护、轨道、输送管道等大型金属件影响。对矿井直流电法未来发展方向进行了展望：① 构建多源地电场数据响应特征库。② 多源数据融合解释。③ 建立矿井直流电法智能化监测体系。Abstract: As an efficient means of geophysical exploration, mine DC electrical method plays an important role in accurately circling various types of anomalous zones. The development of underground detection is limited by many factors due to small space, interference and high technological requirements. Therefore, it is significant to establish a mine DC electrical method technology system that matches the intelligent mine production under the rapid extraction mode. The paper gives an overview of mine DC electrical method from three aspects, namely, basic principle, technology development and classification. It summarizes the latest progress of mine DC electrical method used in roof and floor exploration, roadway advance detection, and anomaly area exploration in the working face, etc. It analyzes the progress of the research and development of mine DC electrical method instruments and equipment. It enumerates several common types of mine DC electrical method instruments. It analyzes the key problems of mine DC electrical method in solving the engineering problems. ① The current mine DC electrical method advance detection technology has low positioning precision in the circled space of water-bearing/conducting anomalies. At the same time, there is the problem of insufficient effective detection distance. ② The construction space of mine DC electrical method is narrow, and the electrical response of multi-directional geological anomalies is superimposed in the limited testing space. It increases the difficulty of data processing and interpretation. ③ The mine DC electrical method is susceptible to interference from metal sources at the site when applied underground, especially by large metal parts such as roadheaders, hydraulic supports, anchor locks (nets) supports, rails, and conveying pipelines. The future development direction of the mine DC electrical method is prospected. ① It is suggested to construct a multi-source geoelectric field data response feature library. ② It is suggested to obtain interpretation of multi-source data fusion. ③ It is suggested to establish the intelligent monitoring system of mine DC electrical method.
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图 6 矿井直流电法智能化监测体系
Figure 6. Intelligent monitoring system for mine DC electrical method
场源性质 测试方法 技术原理 技术特点 应用领域 天然场源 自然电位法 通过研究自然电场分布规律达到找矿或解决其他地质问题的目的 测试方式简单，无需向被测体供电 矿井采掘围岩破坏规律研究、地下水渗流探查等 人工场源 充电法 对被测地质体充电，并观测充电电场的分布，从而推断地质体赋存情况 测试方式较简单，工作量小，但应用条件受限制，即被测体为良导体，且其围岩的电阻率稳定 早期多用于找煤工作 时域激电法 以岩矿石极化率为基础的人工源勘探方法 仪器设备较笨重，采集信号受井下环境干扰 早期找水方面应用较多 直流电透视法 与矿井无线电透视原理类似，采用直流供电，研究巷道及工作面电场变化规律 现场测试需两巷道配合采集工作，对现场测试环境要求较高，工作量较大 探测工作面内部及其顶底板围岩体的含水构造等 电测深/电剖面 通过布设4道电极并改变电极间距离，获得电测深或电剖面数据 工作量大，测试效率低，数据量少 最初电法勘探中该方法使用较多，目前该方法难以满足实际测试需求 高密度电法 集电测深法和电剖面法于一体的阵列式智能勘探方法 现场施工方便，测试速度快，精度高，对富水区等异常响应灵敏 可探测工作面内部及其顶底板围岩体的含水构造，进行巷道超前探测，可通过孔−孔、孔−巷等布置方式对工作面顶底板破坏范围进行监测 网络并行电法 采用拟地震式的数据采集方式，解决常规直流电法仪器存在的无法串行采集等问题 超高密度电法 采用一次布极，采集所有可能组合电极间的电位信息，并且避开视电阻率概念，利用处理软件直接反演获取断面真电阻率 主要以地面应用为主 
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表 2 常见矿井直流电法仪器功能及特点
Table 2. Functions and characteristics of common DC electrical instruments in mines
仪器名称 功能 仪器特点 YD32（A）矿用高分辨率电法仪 具有电测深、电剖面和超前探测等功能 大功率输出增加了探测距离，实现了超前探测的电极全自动切换 YDZ（A）直流电法仪 体积小、施工方便、性能稳定可靠，YDZ（B）型抗干扰能力较强 YDZ（B）直流电法仪 YDZ24矿用本安型直流电法仪 具有电阻率法、自然电位法探测等功能 主从机设计，配备高清触摸屏，可以根据需求增加仪器道数 YDE24矿用本安型地震电法仪从机 具有电阻率法、自然电位法和地震单分量或多分量地震数据采集 YDZ32矿用直流电法仪 具有电测深、电剖面和超前探测法功能 测量精度高、抗干扰能力强，探测结果为2D图，成果解释直观 YDG64矿用高密度电法仪 具有高密度电法采集功能 YDZ16（B）矿用多道并行直流电法仪器 具有自然电位法、电测深、电剖面法、超前探测等功能 多通道设计且在采集过程中电极可以自动切换 YBT96矿用交直流并行电法透视仪 可实现双巷高密度电透、多频电透、三维全透视 除发射电极外，其他的电极参与同步接收，实现同源、同场观测 YDZ75（A）矿用本安型并行直流电法仪器 具有自然电位法、电测深、电剖面法、超前探测等功能 接收、发射、电源系统一体化设计，采集速度快，抗工频干扰、随机干扰能力强 YDJ256−03矿用浇筑兼本安型高密度电法仪 具有高密度电法采集功能 集电源、数据采集和成图于一体，且可一键完成测量 YBD12矿用本安型网络电法仪 具有电阻率法、自然电位法、充电法、激电法（时间域和频率域）等探测功能，YSD11增加了多分量地震勘探功能，YZD11增加了多波多分量地震探测功能 具有一键成图模式，配备高清触摸屏，可以实时显示视电阻率剖面图、视极化率剖面图等 YSD11矿用本安型微震电法仪 具有一键成图模式，配备高清触摸屏更加智能，但主机和基站独立增大了工作强度 YZD11矿用本安型槽波地震电法仪 YDZ24矿用本安型直流电法仪 具有电阻率法、自然电位法探测等功能 主从机设计，配备高清触摸屏，可以根据需求增加仪器道数 YDE24矿用本安型地震电法仪从机 具有电阻率法、自然电位法和地震单分量或多分量地震数据采集
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