Research on the deformation and failure depth of the floor in fully mechanized top coal caving of extra-thick seam
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摘要: 为探究特厚煤层综放开采条件下底板变形破坏深度，以兖矿能源集团股份有限公司东滩煤矿1305工作面为背景，采用现场实测、数值模拟和理论计算等方法综合分析了该工作面采动煤层底板变形破坏深度。采用应变感应法和钻孔成像技术的现场实测结果表明：底板受采动矿压作用在水平和垂直方向上存在明显的显现特征，水平方向上超前测点50 m附近、底板浅部10 m深度位置开始受采动矿压影响，工作面推过一定距离之后底板变形破坏剧烈；底板不同深度水平方向上超前距和滞后距变化范围分别为96～115 m和48～52 m，工作面综放开采底板变形破坏深度为16~20 m，垂深20 m以下底板岩层以弹性变形为主。数值模拟的底板不同深度塑性区分布特征表明，随着距工作面底板距离越远，受采动矿压影响越小，塑性区范围越小，底板下20 m基本没发生破坏。理论计算结果确定了底板变形破坏深度为19.2 m。综合现场实测、数值模拟和理论计算结果，可知1305工作面综放开采底板变形破坏深度不超过20 m。研究结果可为矿井特厚煤层综放开采底板水害防治提供量化依据。Abstract: In order to explore the deformation and failure depth of the floor under the condition of fully mechanized top coal caving of extra-thick coal seam, this paper takes 1305 working face of Dongtan Coal Mine of Yankuang Energy Group Co., Ltd. as the background. The deformation and failure depth of the floor in the mining coal seam of the working face is comprehensively analyzed by using field measurement, numerical simulation and theoretical calculation. The field measurement results using the strain induction method and borehole imaging technology show the following results. The floor is affected by mining ground pressure, and there are obvious characteristics in horizontal and vertical directions. In the horizontal direction, the position near the advanced support measuring point of 50 m and at the depth of 10 m in the shallow part of the floor starts to be affected by the mining ground pressure. After the working face is pushed over a certain distance, the deformation and failure of the floor are severe. The variation range of crossover distance and lag distance in the horizontal direction of different depths of the floor is 96-115 m and 48-52 m respectively. The deformation and failure depth of the floor in fully mechanized top coal caving of the working face is 16-20 m. The floor rock below the vertical depth of 20 m is mainly elastic deformation. The distribution characteristics of the plastic zone in different depths of the floor by numerical simulation show that the farther the distance from the working face floor is, the smaller the influence of mining pressure is, and the smaller the range of the plastic zone is. The 20 m under the floor is basically not damaged. The result of the theoretical calculation confirms that the deformation and failure depth of the floor is 19.2 m. Based on the results of field measurement, numerical simulation and theoretical calculation, the deformation and failure depth of the floor in 1305 working face is less than 20 m. The research results can provide the quantitative basis for the prevention and control of floor water disasters in fully mechanized top coal caving of extra-thick coal seams.
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图 4 1号测试钻孔各测点应变增量随工作面推进距离变化曲线
Figure 4. Strain increment curves of measuring points in No.1 test borehole during working face advance
图 5 工作面推进不同距离时底板下垂深10 m处2号测试钻孔孔壁图像
Figure 5. Images of No.2 test borehole wall at 10 m vertical depth of floor with different working face advance distances
图 6 工作面顶底板工程地质模型纵剖面
Figure 6. Profile of engineering geological model for working face roof and floor
表 1 测试钻孔主要参数
Table 1. Main parameters of test boreholes
参数 1号测试钻孔 2号测试钻孔 开孔直径/mm 127 91 开孔深度/m 2.0 — 孔口管直径/mm 110 — 孔口管长度/m 2.0 — 终孔直径/mm 91 91 钻孔方位角/（°） 31 42 钻孔倾角/（°） 40（俯角） 70（仰角） 钻孔与巷道夹角/（°） 90 80 煤岩层真倾角/（°） 5.6 6.0 钻孔与煤岩层走向线夹角/（°） 81 87 煤岩层视倾角/（°） 5.5 6.0 钻孔总深度/m 30 10 控制3号煤层底板最大真厚度/m 29 11 
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表 2 工作面采动底板变形感应距
Table 2. Deformation induction distances of mining floor of working face
测点垂深/m 超前距/m 滞后距/m 感应范围/m 16 115 — — 20 110 49 159 24 102 48 150 29 96 52 148
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表 3 工作面顶底板岩层物理力学参数
Table 3. Physical and mechanical parameters of working face roof and floor strata
岩层 密度/
（kg·m−3）体积模量/
GPa剪切模量/
GPa黏聚力/
MPa内摩擦角/
（°）抗拉强度/
MPa中细砂岩 2 650 2.90 1.74 9.5 41 4.2 泥质岩 2 550 2.61 1.35 7.6 30 3.0 粗砂岩 2 690 3.35 2.30 10.7 45 4.9 3号煤层 1 400 2.08 0.54 1.2 20 0.6 粉砂岩 2 600 2.91 1.50 7.8 32 3.6 石灰岩 2 800 5.57 4.53 11.4 48 6.7
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